Generative artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly common, yet not everyone is comfortable with it. Concerns go beyond the common fears of job loss or the idea that AI like ChatGPT might take over reality.

A recent study led by BYU professors Jacob Steffen and Taylor Wells sheds light on the reasons behind this reluctance to engage with generative AI tools. While some may fear an AI-driven apocalypse, the majority of non-users express worries about trusting the outputs, missing the human connection, or questioning the ethics of using AI.

“When people decide not to use something, it often involves significant thought,” said Steffen, a professor of Information Systems in the Marriott School of Business. “Given how quickly AI is evolving, it’s crucial to understand the reasons behind people’s hesitance to adopt these technologies.”

Steffen, Wells, and their colleagues conducted their research through two surveys. The first asked participants to share instances where they chose not to use generative AI and their reasons for doing so. The second survey built on those insights, asking participants to evaluate how likely they would be to use or avoid generative AI in different scenarios, and to rate their concerns regarding ethics and perceived risks.

The findings highlighted several common reasons for avoiding generative AI. The top four concerns included:

1. Quality of results: People fear that AI may produce inaccurate or unreliable output.
2. Ethical issues: Concerns arise about whether using AI is legal, honest, or morally right.
3. Risk factors: There are worries about the safety of AI tools and their handling of personal data.
4. Human interaction: Many feel that engaging with AI lacks the depth and connection of human communication.

These issues were prevalent in various contexts, from educational tasks and creative writing to decision-making in financial matters or even drafting eulogies and heartfelt messages.

Wells pointed out that generative AI can sometimes hinder genuine learning. “Using AI to complete all your assignments might seem efficient, but you miss out on actual learning,” he said. “What’s your worth as a graduate if you rely completely on a machine for your intellectual work?”

Steffen likened generative AI to a hammer: useful when applied in the right context but potentially harmful or unnecessary in others. He believes that, when utilized correctly, generative AI could be one of the most powerful educational tools available to humanity.

Steffen hopes his study encourages people to think critically about when AI is a fitting resource and aims to bridge the gap between enthusiastic users of generative AI and those who are apprehensive about it.

“It’s vital to clarify your purpose for creating something,” he explained. “Are you aiming to learn? Do you need to finish something quickly? Are you presenting it as your own, or offering it as a gift? Reflecting on these questions can guide us in determining when to leverage AI.”